{"id":10539,"date":"2021-12-31T06:15:23","date_gmt":"2021-12-31T06:15:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zecovalve.com\/brief-introduction-to-post-weld-heat-treatment-pwht-zeco-api-602-forged-valve-manufacturer.html"},"modified":"2022-08-23T06:09:44","modified_gmt":"2022-08-23T06:09:44","slug":"brief-introduction-to-post-weld-heat-treatment-pwht-zeco-api-602-forged-valve-manufacturer","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zecovalve.com\/fr\/brief-introduction-to-post-weld-heat-treatment-pwht-zeco-api-602-forged-valve-manufacturer.html","title":{"rendered":"Traitement thermique apr\u00e8s soudure \u2013 PWHT"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:var(--base)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-contrast-2-color\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zecovalve.com\/fr\/produit\/sw-gate-valve\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Vannes \u00e0 vanne API 602<\/a><\/mark>, Chapeau boulonn\u00e9, tige montante, soudure par embo\u00eetement avec embouts unis de 100 mm de long soud\u00e9s aux deux extr\u00e9mit\u00e9s, PWHT<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Alors, avez-vous entendu parler de PWHT ? Qu\u2019est-ce que PWHT\u00a0? <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-overview-of-post-weld-heat-treatment-pwht\">Pr\u00e9sentation du traitement thermique apr\u00e8s soudage (PWHT)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Le soudage est un \u00e9l\u00e9ment essentiel de l\u2019exploitation et de la maintenance des actifs dans les industries de transformation p\u00e9troli\u00e8re (en amont, interm\u00e9diaire et en aval) et chimique. Bien qu&#039;il ait de nombreuses applications utiles, le processus de soudage peut affaiblir par inadvertance l&#039;\u00e9quipement en conf\u00e9rant des contraintes r\u00e9siduelles \u00e0 un mat\u00e9riau, entra\u00eenant ainsi une r\u00e9duction de ses propri\u00e9t\u00e9s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Afin de garantir que la r\u00e9sistance du mat\u00e9riau d&#039;une pi\u00e8ce est conserv\u00e9e apr\u00e8s le soudage, un processus appel\u00e9 traitement thermique post-soudage (PWHT) est r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement effectu\u00e9. Le PWHT peut \u00eatre utilis\u00e9 pour r\u00e9duire les contraintes r\u00e9siduelles, comme m\u00e9thode de contr\u00f4le de la duret\u00e9 ou m\u00eame pour am\u00e9liorer la r\u00e9sistance du mat\u00e9riau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Si le PWHT est mal ex\u00e9cut\u00e9 ou compl\u00e8tement n\u00e9glig\u00e9, les contraintes r\u00e9siduelles peuvent se combiner aux contraintes de charge pour d\u00e9passer les limites de conception d&#039;un mat\u00e9riau. Cela peut entra\u00eener des ruptures de soudure, un potentiel de fissuration plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 et une susceptibilit\u00e9 accrue \u00e0 la rupture fragile.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Br\u00e8ve introduction au traitement thermique apr\u00e8s soudage (PWHT)\" style=\"width: 50%;\" src=\"https:\/\/zecovalve.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/20211231061522-61ce9ffa8f9c9.jpg\" alt=\"Br\u00e8ve introduction au traitement thermique apr\u00e8s soudage (PWHT)\"><\/span><br>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-pwht-encompasses-many-different-types-of-potential-treatments\">Le PWHT englobe de nombreux types de traitements potentiels\u00a0: <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Deux des types les plus courants sont le post-chauffage et la r\u00e9duction du stress\u00a0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-post-heating\">Post-chauffage\u00a0:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>La fissuration induite par l&#039;hydrog\u00e8ne (HIC) se produit souvent lorsque des niveaux \u00e9lev\u00e9s d&#039;hydrog\u00e8ne ambiant s&#039;infiltrent dans un mat\u00e9riau pendant le soudage. En chauffant le mat\u00e9riau apr\u00e8s le soudage, il est possible de diffuser de l&#039;hydrog\u00e8ne depuis la zone soud\u00e9e, \u00e9vitant ainsi le HIC. Ce processus est connu sous le nom de post-chauffage et doit commencer imm\u00e9diatement apr\u00e8s la fin de la soudure. Plut\u00f4t que de refroidir, le mat\u00e9riau doit \u00eatre chauff\u00e9 \u00e0 une certaine temp\u00e9rature en fonction de son type et de son \u00e9paisseur. Il doit \u00eatre maintenu \u00e0 cette temp\u00e9rature pendant un certain nombre d&#039;heures en fonction de l&#039;\u00e9paisseur du mat\u00e9riau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-stress-relieving\">D\u00e9stressant:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Une fois termin\u00e9, le processus de soudage peut laisser un grand nombre de contraintes r\u00e9siduelles dans un mat\u00e9riau, ce qui peut entra\u00eener un risque accru de corrosion sous contrainte et de fissuration induite par l&#039;hydrog\u00e8ne. Le PWHT peut \u00eatre utilis\u00e9 pour lib\u00e9rer ces contraintes r\u00e9siduelles et r\u00e9duire ce potentiel. Ce processus consiste \u00e0 chauffer le mat\u00e9riau \u00e0 une temp\u00e9rature sp\u00e9cifique puis \u00e0 le refroidir progressivement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le fait que le mat\u00e9riau doive ou non subir un PWHT d\u00e9pend d&#039;un certain nombre de facteurs, notamment de facteurs tels que son syst\u00e8me d&#039;alliage ou du fait qu&#039;il ait d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e9t\u00e9 soumis \u00e0 un traitement thermique. Certains mat\u00e9riaux peuvent effectivement \u00eatre endommag\u00e9s par le PWHT, tandis que d&#039;autres l&#039;exigent presque toujours.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, plus la teneur en carbone d&#039;un mat\u00e9riau est \u00e9lev\u00e9e, plus il est probable qu&#039;il aura besoin de PWHT apr\u00e8s les activit\u00e9s de soudage. De m\u00eame, plus la teneur en alliage et l\u2019\u00e9paisseur de la section transversale sont \u00e9lev\u00e9es, plus le mat\u00e9riau est susceptible d\u2019avoir besoin de PWHT.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-when-pwht-is-required-for-carbon-steel\">Quand le PWHT est-il requis pour l\u2019acier au carbone\u00a0?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Le traitement thermique apr\u00e8s soudage ou PWHT de l&#039;acier au carbone doit \u00eatre effectu\u00e9 apr\u00e8s chaque soudage afin de garantir le maintien de la r\u00e9sistance du mat\u00e9riau de la pi\u00e8ce. Les crit\u00e8res exacts pour le PWHT de l&#039;acier au carbone sont mentionn\u00e9s dans le code ASME BPVC. PWHT assure la r\u00e9duction des contraintes r\u00e9siduelles, le contr\u00f4le de la duret\u00e9 des mat\u00e9riaux et l\u2019am\u00e9lioration de la r\u00e9sistance m\u00e9canique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-advantages-of-post-weld-heat-treatment-purpose-of-pwht\">Avantages du traitement thermique apr\u00e8s soudure | Objectif du PWHT<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Si le PWHT est n\u00e9glig\u00e9 ou mal ex\u00e9cut\u00e9, les contraintes r\u00e9siduelles peuvent se combiner avec les contraintes de charge de service. La valeur peut d\u00e9passer les limites de conception d&#039;un mat\u00e9riau, entra\u00eenant des ruptures de soudure, un potentiel de fissuration plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 et une susceptibilit\u00e9 accrue \u00e0 la rupture fragile. Les autres avantages de PWHT sont r\u00e9pertori\u00e9s ci-dessous\u00a0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Structure m\u00e9tallurgique am\u00e9lior\u00e9e<\/li><li>Ductilit\u00e9 am\u00e9lior\u00e9e du mat\u00e9riau<\/li><li>Risque r\u00e9duit de rupture fragile \u00e0 mesure que la ductilit\u00e9 augmente<\/li><li>Contrainte thermique rel\u00e2ch\u00e9e gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la redistribution des contraintes r\u00e9siduelles.<\/li><li>M\u00e9tal tremp\u00e9<\/li><li>\u00c9limination de l&#039;hydrog\u00e8ne diffusible qui aide \u00e0 pr\u00e9venir la fissuration induite par l&#039;hydrog\u00e8ne (HIC)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-pwht-method-and-equipment\">M\u00e9thode et \u00e9quipement PWHT<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Le traitement thermique local post-soudage des joints soud\u00e9s des canalisations sera effectu\u00e9 par la m\u00e9thode de la r\u00e9sistance \u00e9lectrique apr\u00e8s l&#039;ach\u00e8vement de toutes les op\u00e9rations de soudage ou de r\u00e9paration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>\u00a0Le chauffage \u00e0 r\u00e9sistance est auto-isol\u00e9 \u00e9lectriquement et thermiquement et est construit sur mesure pour chaque tuyau individuel.<\/li><li>Les tensions appliqu\u00e9es aux bornes des bobines sont de 220 ou 380 volts CA selon les besoins en \u00e9nergie.<\/li><li>\u00a0Le panneau de contr\u00f4le de puissance du traitement thermique apr\u00e8s soudage est compos\u00e9 de\u00a0:<\/li><li>Un indicateur de contr\u00f4leur de temp\u00e9rature et un enregistreur de type num\u00e9rique.<\/li><li>Un potentiom\u00e8tre qui contr\u00f4le le pourcentage de puissance absorb\u00e9e par les bobines.<\/li><li>Un interrupteur marche\/arr\u00eat, des voyants lumineux, des bornes d&#039;entr\u00e9e et de sortie pour la connexion de l&#039;alimentation et du thermocouple.<\/li><li>Contacteurs de puissance \u00e9lectrique de calibre appropri\u00e9.<\/li><li>Chaque panneau alimentera une seule station de chauffage et donc pour chaque op\u00e9ration de chauffage, un panneau sera n\u00e9cessaire. Les taux de chauffage et de refroidissement sont ajust\u00e9s par s\u00e9lection manuelle du pourcentage de puissance absorb\u00e9e au moyen de potentiom\u00e8tres.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-requirements-for-post-weld-heat-treatment-or-pwht\">Exigences pour le traitement thermique apr\u00e8s soudage ou PWHT<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Avant de demander les exigences PWHT d\u00e9taill\u00e9es et l&#039;exemption dans ces paragraphes, des qualifications satisfaisantes des proc\u00e9dures de soudage des sp\u00e9cifications des proc\u00e9dures de soudage \u00e0 utiliser doivent \u00eatre effectu\u00e9es conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 toutes les variables essentielles de la SECTION IX de l&#039;ASME, y compris les conditions de traitement thermique apr\u00e8s soudage et autres restrictions. \u00e9num\u00e9r\u00e9s ci-dessous.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lors de la r\u00e9alisation du traitement thermique local post-soudage, la technique d&#039;application de chaleur doit assurer une temp\u00e9rature uniforme en tous points de la partie \u00e0 traiter thermiquement. Il faut veiller \u00e0 ce que la largeur de la bande chauff\u00e9e de chaque c\u00f4t\u00e9 du bord de soudure ne soit pas inf\u00e9rieure \u00e0 quatre (4) fois l&#039;\u00e9paisseur du tuyau ou \u00e0 2\u2033 selon la valeur la plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tout au long du cycle de traitement thermique apr\u00e8s soudage, la partie situ\u00e9e \u00e0 l&#039;ext\u00e9rieur de la bande chauff\u00e9e doit \u00eatre convenablement envelopp\u00e9e sous une isolation afin d&#039;\u00e9viter tout gradient de temp\u00e9rature nocif au niveau de la surface expos\u00e9e du tuyau. \u00c0 cette fin, la temp\u00e9rature \u00e0 la surface expos\u00e9e du tuyau ne doit pas d\u00e9passer 400\u00b0c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les vannes, instruments et autres \u00e9l\u00e9ments sp\u00e9ciaux comportant des extr\u00e9mit\u00e9s \u00e0 souder doivent \u00eatre prot\u00e9g\u00e9s en raison du risque de dommages lors du traitement thermique apr\u00e8s soudage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aucun soudage ne doit \u00eatre effectu\u00e9 apr\u00e8s PWHT.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Des enregistreurs automatiques de temp\u00e9rature convenablement calibr\u00e9s doivent \u00eatre utilis\u00e9s. La charte d&#039;\u00e9talonnage de chaque enregistreur doit \u00eatre soumise au propri\u00e9taire avant le d\u00e9but des op\u00e9rations de traitement thermique et son approbation doit \u00eatre obtenue. L&#039;\u00e9quipement d&#039;enregistrement doit \u00eatre calibr\u00e9 au moins une fois tous les 12 mois. En outre, l&#039;\u00e9quipement instrument (potentiom\u00e8tre) utilis\u00e9 pour l&#039;\u00e9talonnage des enregistreurs doit \u00eatre appuy\u00e9 par un certificat correspondant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-preparation-and-attachment-of-thermocouple-for-pwht\">Pr\u00e9paration et fixation du thermocouple pour PWHT<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Apr\u00e8s avoir effectu\u00e9 une inspection visuelle et \u00e9limin\u00e9 les d\u00e9fauts de surface et les points de soudure temporaires (le cas \u00e9ch\u00e9ant), un nombre ad\u00e9quat de thermocouples (en fonction du diam\u00e8tre des tuyaux) doit \u00eatre fix\u00e9 au tuyau directement et \u00e0 un emplacement \u00e9quidistant le long de la p\u00e9riph\u00e9rie du joint de tuyau. Le nombre minimum de thermocouples fix\u00e9s par joint doit \u00eatre de 1 pour un diam\u00e8tre allant jusqu&#039;\u00e0 3\u2033, de 2 pour un diam\u00e8tre allant jusqu&#039;\u00e0 6\u2033 et de 3 pour un diam\u00e8tre allant jusqu&#039;\u00e0 10\u2033 et de 4 jusqu&#039;\u00e0 12\u2033 de diam\u00e8tre et plus. Cependant, le nombre minimum requis de thermocouples \u00e0 fixer peut \u00eatre augment\u00e9 si cela s&#039;av\u00e8re n\u00e9cessaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les thermocouples doivent \u00eatre plac\u00e9s sur le joint et en contact ferme avec le tuyau aussi pr\u00e8s que possible de la zone de soudure. Les thermocouples doivent \u00eatre directement soud\u00e9s par pointage au joint ou \u00e0 la bande chauffante, \u00e0 condition qu&#039;ils aient une queue du m\u00eame mat\u00e9riau et qu&#039;un fil d&#039;apport ou une \u00e9lectrode approuv\u00e9 ne d\u00e9passant pas 2,5 mm de diam\u00e8tre soit utilis\u00e9 pour le soudage par pointage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Afin d&#039;\u00e9viter des lectures de temp\u00e9rature incorrectes dues au rayonnement direct des thermocouples, celui-ci doit \u00eatre prot\u00e9g\u00e9 par une fibre c\u00e9ramique ou tout autre mat\u00e9riau isolant appropri\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les \u00e9l\u00e9ments de r\u00e9sistance chauffante doivent \u00eatre pos\u00e9s sur les thermocouples attach\u00e9s tout au long de la bande chauffante et doivent \u00eatre isol\u00e9s comme indiqu\u00e9 sur la figure 1 ci-dessous.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les mat\u00e9riaux isolants doivent \u00eatre de la laine min\u00e9rale\/laine de verre pouvant r\u00e9sister \u00e0 la temp\u00e9rature utilis\u00e9e. L&#039;\u00e9paisseur minimale de l&#039;isolation doit \u00eatre de 50 mm. Pour maintenir le mat\u00e9riau isolant en position, le treillis m\u00e9tallique doit \u00eatre enroul\u00e9 et attach\u00e9 ou attach\u00e9 par d&#039;autres moyens appropri\u00e9s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-pwht-temperature-time-record\">Temp\u00e9rature PWHT, enregistrement de temps &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>La temp\u00e9rature et la dur\u00e9e du traitement thermique apr\u00e8s soudage ainsi que ses taux de chauffage et de refroidissement doivent \u00eatre enregistr\u00e9s automatiquement et pr\u00e9senter la temp\u00e9rature r\u00e9elle de la zone de soudure. Chaque thermocouple doit \u00eatre connect\u00e9 \u00e0 l&#039;instrument de contr\u00f4le et d&#039;enregistrement pour chaque joint trait\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-heating-holding-and-cooling-in-pwht\">Chauffage, maintien et refroidissement dans PWHT<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>La temp\u00e9rature de chauffage sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 300\u00b0c doit \u00eatre enregistr\u00e9e et la vitesse de chauffage et de refroidissement ne doit pas \u00eatre sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 celle sp\u00e9cifi\u00e9e dans les WPS et les normes associ\u00e9es, mais en aucun cas sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 200\u00b0c\/h, et la diff\u00e9rence entre les temp\u00e9ratures mesur\u00e9es par divers Les thermocouples doivent \u00eatre dans la plage sp\u00e9cifi\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La temp\u00e9rature de mise en place du traitement thermique et le temps de maintien doivent \u00eatre tels que sp\u00e9cifi\u00e9s dans les sp\u00e9cifications des proc\u00e9dures de soudage associ\u00e9es. Pour faciliter la r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, les valeurs pour diff\u00e9rents types d&#039;acier sont donn\u00e9es dans le tableau suivant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le refroidissement jusqu&#039;\u00e0 300\u00b0c doit \u00eatre un refroidissement contr\u00f4l\u00e9. En dessous de cette valeur, le refroidissement jusqu&#039;\u00e0 la temp\u00e9rature ambiante doit s&#039;effectuer sous rev\u00eatement isolant sans contr\u00f4le.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-few-important-notes-related-to-pwht\">Quelques notes importantes li\u00e9es au PWHT<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Le fonctionnement du PWHT doit \u00eatre effectu\u00e9 uniquement par du personnel form\u00e9 ayant une exp\u00e9rience similaire et approuv\u00e9 par le propri\u00e9taire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pendant le PWHT, les joints doivent \u00eatre prot\u00e9g\u00e9s de la pluie et du vent par une protection contre la pluie et un pare-brise ad\u00e9quats.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Des tests de duret\u00e9 apr\u00e8s PWHT doivent \u00eatre effectu\u00e9s pour d\u00e9terminer si le traitement thermique a \u00e9t\u00e9 effectu\u00e9 efficacement. Normalement pour l&#039;acier au carbone, la duret\u00e9 Brinnel maximale est de 200 HB.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-safety-precautions-during-pwht\">Pr\u00e9cautions de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 pendant le PWHT<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Les pr\u00e9cautions de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 suivantes doivent \u00eatre prises pendant le PWHT\u00a0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L&#039;\u00e9quipement et les panneaux doivent \u00eatre correctement mis \u00e0 la terre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les techniciens en \u00e9lectricit\u00e9 doivent travailler avec des v\u00eatements de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 appropri\u00e9s tels que des gants en caoutchouc, des chaussures, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Seul un \u00e9lectricien certifi\u00e9 travaillera.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les joints sous PWHT doivent \u00eatre bien cordonn\u00e9s avec du ruban rouge\/un feu rouge et un affichage de danger pour \u00e9viter que des personnes inconnues n&#039;entrent en contact avec les connexions \u00e9lectriques \u00e0 haute tension.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Une plate-forme ad\u00e9quate doit \u00eatre r\u00e9alis\u00e9e pour les joints in situ afin d&#039;\u00e9viter la chute d&#039;une personne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Sur la base de ce qui pr\u00e9c\u00e8de, PWHT est le <\/span>processus critique n\u00e9cessaire pour le mat\u00e9riau soud\u00e9, auquel il convient d&#039;accorder suffisamment d&#039;attention <span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">pendant la production.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!-- Andy:h-related-tags -->\n<h2 id=\"h-related-tags\">Balises associ\u00e9es :<\/h2>\n<!-- \/Andy:h-related-tags -->\n\n\n\n<div class=\"re_main\">\n<a href=\"https:\/\/zecovalve.com\/fr\/\">Soupape ZECO<\/a>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"re_main\">\n<a href=\"https:\/\/zecovalve.com\/fr\/introduction-of-epdm-nbr-butterfly-valve-seat-industrial-valve-information-news-zeco-valve.html\/\">Robinet \u00e0 papillon NBR<\/a>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"re_main\">\n<a href=\"https:\/\/zecovalve.com\/fr\/difference-between-gate-valves-and-ball-valves.html\/\">Vanne et robinet \u00e0 boisseau sph\u00e9rique<\/a>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"re_main\">\n<a href=\"https:\/\/zecovalve.com\/fr\/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-globe-valves.html\/\">Qu'est-ce qu'un robinet \u00e0 soupape ?<\/a>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"re_main\">\n<a href=\"https:\/\/zecovalve.com\/fr\/gate-valve-problems.html\/\">R\u00e9paration de vannes \u00e0 vanne<\/a>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"re_main\">\n<a href=\"https:\/\/zecovalve.com\/fr\/what-is-an-axial-flow-silent-check-valve.html\/\">Qu'est-ce qu'un clapet anti-retour axial ?<\/a>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"re_main\">\n<a href=\"https:\/\/zecovalve.com\/fr\/produit\/manual-gate-valve\/\">Fabricant de robinets-vannes \u00e0 commande manuelle<\/a>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"re_main\">\n<a href=\"https:\/\/zecovalve.com\/fr\/the-function-of-globe-valve-in-pipeline-system.html\/\">Que sont les vannes \u00e0 soupape\u00a0?<\/a>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Dix articles avant et apr\u00e8s<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/zecovalve.com\/fr\/the-main-difference-between-forged-steel-and-cast-steel-ball-valves-zeco-api-602-forged-valve-manufacturer.html\/\">La principale diff\u00e9rence entre les robinets \u00e0 tournant sph\u00e9rique en acier forg\u00e9 et en acier moul\u00e9 \u2013 Zeco | Fabricant de vannes forg\u00e9es API 602<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/zecovalve.com\/fr\/a-brief-introduction-of-forged-steel-gate-valves-zeco-api-602-forged-valve-manufacturer.html\/\">Une br\u00e8ve introduction des robinets-vannes en acier forg\u00e9 \u2013 Zeco | Fabricant de vannes forg\u00e9es API 602<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/zecovalve.com\/fr\/general-forging-materials-for-forged-steel-globe-check-gate-valves-zeco-api-602-forged-valve-manufacturer.html\/\">Mat\u00e9riaux g\u00e9n\u00e9raux de forgeage pour clapets anti-retour \u00e0 soupape en acier forg\u00e9 \u2013 Zeco | Fabricant de vannes forg\u00e9es API 602<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/zecovalve.com\/fr\/general-situation-of-flange-forging-industry-zeco-api-602-forged-valve-manufacturer.html\/\">Situation g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de l&#039;industrie du forgeage de brides \u2013 Zeco | Fabricant de vannes forg\u00e9es API 602<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/zecovalve.com\/fr\/how-to-choose-the-correct-diameter-of-forged-steel-valves-zeco-api-602-forged-valve-manufacturer.html\/\">Comment choisir le bon diam\u00e8tre des vannes en acier forg\u00e9 \u2013 Zeco | Fabricant de vannes forg\u00e9es API 602<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/zecovalve.com\/fr\/precaution-for-construction-installation-of-lubricated-plug-valve-zeco-api-602-forged-valve-manufacturer.html\/\">Pr\u00e9caution pour la construction et l&#039;installation d&#039;un robinet \u00e0 boisseau lubrifi\u00e9 \u2013 Zeco | Fabricant de vannes forg\u00e9es API 602<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/zecovalve.com\/fr\/brief-introduction-of-an-eccentric-plug-valve-double-offset-valve-zeco-api-602-forged-valve-manufacturer.html\/\">Br\u00e8ve introduction d&#039;une vanne \u00e0 boisseau excentrique \u2013 vanne double excentration \u2013 Zeco | Fabricant de vannes forg\u00e9es API 602<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/zecovalve.com\/fr\/nuclear-power-gate-valve-part-2-zeco-api-602-forged-valve-manufacturer.html\/\">Vanne \u00e0 vanne pour l&#039;\u00e9nergie nucl\u00e9aire \u2013 partie 2 \u2013 Zeco | Fabricant de vannes forg\u00e9es API 602<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/zecovalve.com\/fr\/material-selection-of-valve-sealing-surface-zeco-api-602-forged-valve-manufacturer.html\/\">S\u00e9lection des mat\u00e9riaux pour la surface d&#039;\u00e9tanch\u00e9it\u00e9 des vannes \u2013 Zeco | Fabricant de vannes forg\u00e9es API 602<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/zecovalve.com\/fr\/zeco-established-its-integration-center-in-lishui-this-october-zeco-api-602-forged-valve-manufacturer.html\/\">Zeco a \u00e9tabli son centre d&#039;int\u00e9gration \u00e0 Lishui en octobre \u2013 Zeco | Fabricant de vannes forg\u00e9es API 602<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Vannes \u00e0 vanne API 602, chapeau boulonn\u00e9, tige montante, soudure par embo\u00eetement avec raccords \u00e0 extr\u00e9mit\u00e9 simple de 100 mm de long soud\u00e9s aux deux extr\u00e9mit\u00e9s, PWHT. Donc \u2026 <a title=\"Traitement thermique apr\u00e8s soudure \u2013 PWHT\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/zecovalve.com\/fr\/brief-introduction-to-post-weld-heat-treatment-pwht-zeco-api-602-forged-valve-manufacturer.html\" aria-label=\"Plus sur Traitement Thermique Post Soudage \u2013 PWHT\">Lire plus<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":10538,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_generate-full-width-content":"","kt_blocks_editor_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[1951,2834,1946,1952,1949,1317,1943,1953,1955,1954,1950],"class_list":["post-10539","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-api-602","tag-fish-plate-welding","tag-flash-weld","tag-post-weld-heat-treat","tag-post-weld-heat-treatment","tag-pwht","tag-surfacing-weld","tag-weld-heat","tag-what-is-post-weld-heat-treatment","tag-what-is-pwht","tag-what-is-the-purpose-of-post-weld-heat-treatment","generate-columns","tablet-grid-50","mobile-grid-100","grid-parent","grid-50"],"featured_image_src_large":["https:\/\/zecovalve.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/20211231061522-61ce9ffa8f9c9.jpg",259,194,false],"author_info":{"display_name":"Jerry","author_link":"https:\/\/zecovalve.com\/fr\/author\/jerry"},"comment_info":0,"category_info":[{"term_id":1,"name":"Uncategorized","slug":"uncategorized","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":0,"count":452,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":1,"category_count":452,"category_description":"","cat_name":"Uncategorized","category_nicename":"uncategorized","category_parent":0}],"tag_info":[{"term_id":1951,"name":"api 602","slug":"api-602","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1951,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":4,"filter":"raw"},{"term_id":2834,"name":"Fish Plate Welding","slug":"fish-plate-welding","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":2834,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"<!-- wp:kadence\/tableofcontents {\"uniqueID\":\"_5f133f-32\"} \/-->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:generateblocks\/button-container {\"uniqueId\":\"6d8495a3\",\"isDynamic\":true,\"blockVersion\":2} -->\r\n<!-- wp:generateblocks\/button {\"uniqueId\":\"3d442e11\",\"hasUrl\":true,\"target\":true,\"backgroundColor\":\"#0366d6\",\"textColor\":\"#ffffff\",\"backgroundColorHover\":\"#222222\",\"textColorHover\":\"#ffffff\",\"paddingTop\":\"15\",\"paddingRight\":\"20\",\"paddingBottom\":\"15\",\"paddingLeft\":\"20\"} -->\r\n<a class=\"gb-button gb-button-3d442e11 gb-button-text\" href=\"mailto:commercial@zecovalve.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>GET FISH PLATE WELDING INFORMATION<\/strong><\/a>\r\n<!-- \/wp:generateblocks\/button -->\r\n<!-- \/wp:generateblocks\/button-container -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:heading -->\r\n<h2 id=\"h-what-is-fish-plate-welding\">What is Fish Plate Welding?<\/h2>\r\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\nA fishplate weld is a weld joint used to join two metal plates together. The fishplate weld is a type of fillet weld and is commonly used to join two structural members or rails to give strength to an existing weld underneath. The fishplate weld is created by welding two metal plates together at their edges.\r\n\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:heading -->\r\n<h2>Applications of Fish Plate Welding<\/h2>\r\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\nFish plates are used widely in trucks to join the truck frame to give additional strength (by reinforcing the frame structure) to the truck frame. But instead of bolting, the fishplate is welded in a truck frame. Fishplate is also used to repairing of cracks in the truck frame.\r\n\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:heading -->\r\n<h2>What is the Function of Fish Plate?<\/h2>\r\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\nFunctions of Fish Plates are :\r\n\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list -->\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>a) To join the rail ends to maintain the line and level of the top table and gauge face of the rail ends and to resist the impact and prevent the deflection of the rail joint with the help of closely spaced sleeper support.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>b) To transfer the load of the wheels from one rail to the other.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list -->","parent":0,"count":3,"filter":"raw"},{"term_id":1946,"name":"Flash Weld","slug":"flash-weld","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1946,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"<!-- wp:kadence\/tableofcontents {\"uniqueID\":\"_44f632-3f\"} \/-->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:heading -->\r\n<h2>What is Flash Welding?<\/h2>\r\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\nFlash welding, also called flash butt welding, is a resistance welding process, in which the ends of the workpieces are pressed together and a heavy electric current is passed through the joint during the welding process.\r\n\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\nIn flash welding, the electrical current is applied to the workpieces before they are brought together so that when they meet arcing (or flashing) takes place.\r\n\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:generateblocks\/button-container {\"uniqueId\":\"6d8495a3\",\"isDynamic\":true,\"blockVersion\":2} -->\r\n<!-- wp:generateblocks\/button {\"uniqueId\":\"3d442e11\",\"hasUrl\":true,\"target\":true,\"backgroundColor\":\"#0366d6\",\"textColor\":\"#ffffff\",\"backgroundColorHover\":\"#222222\",\"textColorHover\":\"#ffffff\",\"paddingTop\":\"15\",\"paddingRight\":\"20\",\"paddingBottom\":\"15\",\"paddingLeft\":\"20\"} -->\r\n<a class=\"gb-button gb-button-3d442e11 gb-button-text\" href=\"mailto:commercial@zecovalve.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>GET FLASH WELD INFORMATION<\/strong><\/a>\r\n<!-- \/wp:generateblocks\/button -->\r\n<!-- \/wp:generateblocks\/button-container -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:heading -->\r\n<h2>Parts of Flash Welding<\/h2>\r\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\nThe main parts of the flash welding process are described below \u2212\r\n\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list -->\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Power Supply \u2013 An AC power supply is used to provide power for flash welding or flash butt welding.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Welding Transformer \u2013 A welding transformer is used for changing the current and voltage for the welding process.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Clamps \u2013 In the flash welding process, two clamps are used viz. stationary clamp and movable clamp. The stationary clamp remains in a fixed position while the movable clamp moves about its axis. The metal workpieces are held by these clamps.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:heading -->\r\n<h2>Flash Welding Process<\/h2>\r\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\nTo perform flash welding, technicians will begin by clamping the ends of two pieces in electrode\/clamps and hold the ends close to each other. The power is initiated and an arc is formed across the gap. Then the parts are brought together with force.\r\n\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\nThe arc continues to heat the two ends as they are pushed together to form a fused joint. During this process flash and expelled material is generated, which is why it is called \u201cflash welding.\u201d This continues for a brief period until a sound joint has been formed then the current is stopped.\r\n\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\nAfterward, the welders will hold the two pieces together until the weld cools and solidifies. Excess flash must be removed and the weld inspected for any defects.\r\n\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:heading -->\r\n<h2>Advantages Of Flash Welding<\/h2>\r\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\nBelow are some of the biggest advantages to flash welding:\r\n\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true} -->\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>It\u2019s An Efficient Way to Join Various Metal Components Together\r\nFlash welding gives welders the ability to put complex steel, aluminum, nickel, and titanium metals of various shapes and sizes together. Due to the unique complexities of these metals and shapes, other welding methods are not useful.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Generates High-Quality Products\r\nFlash welding is a resistance welding technique that generates high-quality welds. The force of the weld allows contaminants to be squeezed out during the process. This means that welders can have an easier time connecting metal parts without worrying about solidification cracking and porosity, which are common defects in other welding techniques.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>It Can Be Useful in a Variety of Applications\r\nFlash welding is a versatile process applicable in a wide range of manufacturing operations. In addition to the automotive and aerospace industries, it's commonly used in the construction, metal fabrication, and shipbuilding industries.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list -->","parent":0,"count":3,"filter":"raw"},{"term_id":1952,"name":"post weld heat treat","slug":"post-weld-heat-treat","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1952,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":1,"filter":"raw"},{"term_id":1949,"name":"post weld heat treatment","slug":"post-weld-heat-treatment","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1949,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":1,"filter":"raw"},{"term_id":1317,"name":"pwht","slug":"pwht","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1317,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":1,"filter":"raw"},{"term_id":1943,"name":"Surfacing Weld","slug":"surfacing-weld","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1943,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"<!-- wp:kadence\/tableofcontents {\"uniqueID\":\"_de8f7d-a5\"} \/-->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:heading -->\r\n<h2 id=\"h-what-is-surfacing-weld\">What is Surfacing Weld?<\/h2>\r\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\nSurfacing welds are welds that you use on surfaces for the purpose of replacement.\r\n\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\nSurfacing welding performed on a part of a construction equipment\r\n\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\nUsually, you\u2019ll perform it on surfaces that have been worn out by time, environment, or specific situations.\r\n\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:generateblocks\/button-container {\"uniqueId\":\"6d8495a3\",\"isDynamic\":true,\"blockVersion\":2} -->\r\n<!-- wp:generateblocks\/button {\"uniqueId\":\"3d442e11\",\"hasUrl\":true,\"target\":true,\"backgroundColor\":\"#0366d6\",\"textColor\":\"#ffffff\",\"backgroundColorHover\":\"#222222\",\"textColorHover\":\"#ffffff\",\"paddingTop\":\"15\",\"paddingRight\":\"20\",\"paddingBottom\":\"15\",\"paddingLeft\":\"20\"} -->\r\n<a class=\"gb-button gb-button-3d442e11 gb-button-text\" href=\"https:\/\/zecovalve.com\/contact\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>GET SURFACING WELD INFORMATION<\/strong><\/a>\r\n<!-- \/wp:generateblocks\/button -->\r\n<!-- \/wp:generateblocks\/button-container -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:heading -->\r\n<h2>Here is information on Hard Surfacing Welding<\/h2>\r\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\nIn the list below we will list a few types of surfacing welding types\r\n\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\nHard Surfacing (or surface welding) has somehow become a trade secret. It\u2019s an incredibly useful process buried in a mountain of complicated details, surrounded by a circus of welding elite all chanting \u201cyou\u2019re doing it wrong.\u201d We\u2019ll no more, friends. We\u2019re giving you a place to start with our basic guide to the hard surfacing.\r\n\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\nWhat is hard surfacing? Simply put, it\u2019s literally just welding a reinforced layer to a piece of metal. Generally, surface welding is done on metal surfaces that tend to wear down quicker. We\u2019re talking lawn mower blades, front-end loader buckets, snowmobile skags, or Julia Robert\u2019s toothbrush.\r\n\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\nHardfacing is a metalworking process where harder or tougher material is applied to a base metal. It is welded to the base material, and generally takes the form of specialized electrodes for arc welding or filler rod for oxyacetylene and gas tungsten arc welding (TIG) welding. Powder metal alloys are used in (PTA) also called powder plasma welding and thermal spray processes like high-velocity oxygen fuel coating (HVOF), plasma spray, spray, fuse, etc.SAW, FCAW, and MIG \/ MAG use continuously fed wire varying in diameter depending on the process and the current Strip cladding process uses strips from 50 mm wide to 125 mm with a thickness of 0.5mm. Open arc welding uses continuously fed tubular electrodes which may or may not contain flux.\r\n\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:heading -->\r\n<h2>Applications of Surfacing Weld<\/h2>\r\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\nIn various industrial fields surfacing weld is widely used. The industrial fields are listed below,\r\n\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list -->\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Farming industrial fields<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Coal industrial fields and Mining industrial fields<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Chemical sector industrial fields<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Manufacturing industrial fields<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Petrochemical industrial fields<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Shipbuilding industrial fields<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Structural industrial fields and construction industrial fields<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Shipyard industrial fields<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:block {\"ref\":15781} \/-->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:block {\"ref\":15788} \/-->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:block {\"ref\":26543} \/-->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:block {\"ref\":20713} \/-->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:block {\"ref\":20648} \/-->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:block {\"ref\":26567} \/-->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:block {\"ref\":26606} \/-->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:block {\"ref\":26616} \/-->","parent":0,"count":3,"filter":"raw"},{"term_id":1953,"name":"weld heat","slug":"weld-heat","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1953,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":1,"filter":"raw"},{"term_id":1955,"name":"what is post weld heat treatment","slug":"what-is-post-weld-heat-treatment","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1955,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":1,"filter":"raw"},{"term_id":1954,"name":"what is pwht","slug":"what-is-pwht","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1954,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":1,"filter":"raw"},{"term_id":1950,"name":"what is the purpose of post weld heat treatment","slug":"what-is-the-purpose-of-post-weld-heat-treatment","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1950,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":1,"filter":"raw"}],"taxonomy_info":{"category":[{"value":1,"label":"Uncategorized"}],"post_tag":[{"value":1951,"label":"api 602"},{"value":2834,"label":"Fish Plate Welding"},{"value":1946,"label":"Flash Weld"},{"value":1952,"label":"post weld heat treat"},{"value":1949,"label":"post weld heat treatment"},{"value":1317,"label":"pwht"},{"value":1943,"label":"Surfacing Weld"},{"value":1953,"label":"weld heat"},{"value":1955,"label":"what is post weld heat treatment"},{"value":1954,"label":"what is pwht"},{"value":1950,"label":"what is the purpose of post weld heat treatment"}]},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>All You Need to Know About Post Weld Heat Treatment | PWHT - ZECO<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/zecovalve.com\/fr\/brief-introduction-to-post-weld-heat-treatment-pwht-zeco-api-602-forged-valve-manufacturer.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"All You Need to Know About Post Weld Heat Treatment | PWHT - ZECO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"API 602 Gate Valves, Bolted Bonnet, Rising Stem, Socket Weld with 100mm Long Plain End Nipples Welded at Both Ends, PWHT. 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