Tek kap\u0131l\u0131, \u00e7ift kap\u0131l\u0131, kamal\u0131, paralel ve benzeri al\u0131\u015f\u0131lagelmi\u015f yap\u0131sal tasar\u0131mlar aras\u0131nda kamal\u0131 \u00e7ift kap\u0131l\u0131 ve kamal\u0131 elastik kap\u0131 en yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lanlard\u0131r. \u0130lkinin kap\u0131s\u0131 otomatik olarak koltu\u011fun iki taraf\u0131yla \u00e7ak\u0131\u015f\u0131yor, ikincisi ise m\u00fch\u00fcrlemek i\u00e7in kap\u0131 kamas\u0131n\u0131n ortas\u0131ndaki elastik olu\u011fa g\u00fcveniyor. \u0130lki otomatik bir telafiye sahipken ikincisi, kama a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fleme konumu hatas\u0131n\u0131 telafi etmek i\u00e7in g\u00f6vdenin eksenel itme kuvvetine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Her ikisinin de m\u00fckemmel s\u0131zd\u0131rmazl\u0131k performans\u0131 sonucunda baz\u0131 durumlarda orta bo\u015fluktaki bas\u0131n\u00e7 anormal derecede y\u00fckselecektir. Y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 ak\u0131\u015fkan (s\u0131v\u0131 veya gaz) vanan\u0131n orta bo\u015flu\u011funda bloke edildi\u011finden, yukar\u0131 ak\u0131\u015f taraf\u0131ndan \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lan i\u00e7erideki ak\u0131\u015fkan h\u0131zla buharla\u015fabilir ve bu da bas\u0131nc\u0131n keskin bir \u015fekilde artmas\u0131na neden olabilir. Genellikle geometrik bir ilerlemedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Valf a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n sonucu \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. Yatak par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n ve \u015falter di\u015flilerinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma gerilimi (valf g\u00f6vdesinin ve kap\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma gerilimi gibi) anormal bo\u015fluk taraf\u0131ndan bas\u0131n\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131lacak ve b\u00f6ylece tahrik mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131n tahrik kuvveti y\u00fcklenecektir. Anormal bas\u0131n\u00e7 bile ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma, \u00e7atlak bir valf g\u00f6vdesi, k\u0131r\u0131k bir kap\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesi ve yanm\u0131\u015f bir motor nedeniyle durumu daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015ftirebilir. Bu durumlar bir\u00e7ok y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 s\u00fcrg\u00fcl\u00fc vanada yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok kullan\u0131c\u0131 s\u00fcrg\u00fcl\u00fc vanan\u0131n "s\u0131k\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f" oldu\u011funu su\u00e7luyor. Asl\u0131nda "s\u0131k\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015fl\u0131k", kap\u0131n\u0131n "g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez katili" olan bo\u015fluktaki anormal bas\u0131n\u00e7 dalgalanmas\u0131ndan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tipik olarak, kama \u00e7ift s\u00fcrg\u00fcl\u00fc vanan\u0131n termik santralin su besleme sisteminde ve bypass'\u0131nda kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 varsayal\u0131m. Bas\u0131n\u00e7 testinden kalan so\u011fuk su 250~300\u00b0C'nin alt\u0131na \u0131s\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r. Fla\u015f buharla\u015ft\u0131rma hacmi art\u0131r\u0131r ve s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckseltir. Valf\u0131 ya yeterince b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tahrik torkuyla ya da g\u00f6vde grubunun yeterince sa\u011flaml\u0131\u011f\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131n, aksi takdirde valf g\u00f6vdesi k\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r, ge\u00e7it \u00e7er\u00e7evesi k\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ya da ge\u00e7it T yuvas\u0131 patlar. Daha sonra su pompas\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaz ve ciddi bir kapanma kazas\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
S\u00fcrg\u00fcl\u00fc vanalar\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli uygulamalar\u0131nda anormal bas\u0131nc\u0131n olu\u015fumu \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 derecede benzerdir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bir\u00e7ok end\u00fcstriyel sistemdeki iki ana fakt\u00f6r benzerdir. Bunlar \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lan ortam ve so\u011fuk durdurman\u0131n ard\u0131ndan \u0131s\u0131tma ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00f6nlem al\u0131nmazsa anormal bas\u0131nc\u0131n sisteme zarar vermesi neredeyse ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte 3 tehlike.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Genel olarak valf kabu\u011funun, kapa\u011f\u0131n ve g\u00f6vdenin mukavemeti, valfin nominal bas\u0131nc\u0131na uygundur. Anormal bas\u0131n\u00e7, ilgili par\u00e7alar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma geriliminin \u00e7arp\u0131m\u0131 olan a\u00e7ma bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ek gerilim izin verilen gerilimi a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, y\u00fcksek gerilime sahip par\u00e7alar k\u0131r\u0131lacak, bu da a\u00e7\u0131lmama, valf kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n hasar g\u00f6rmesi ve hatta makinenin tamam\u0131n\u0131n hurdaya ayr\u0131lmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7acakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kabuk, kaput ve benzeri bas\u0131n\u00e7 ta\u015f\u0131yan par\u00e7alara a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bas\u0131n\u00e7 uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ortam\u0131n hassas b\u00f6lgelerini kolayca k\u0131rmas\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan d\u0131\u015far\u0131 s\u0131zmas\u0131 nedeniyle a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a tehlikelidir. Y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 s\u0131v\u0131, ambalaj\u0131ndan ve kendinden contal\u0131 halkadan d\u0131\u015far\u0131 f\u0131rlayarak b\u00fcy\u00fck bir s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131ya neden olur. Ortam\u0131n y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131kta, zehirli veya zararl\u0131 herhangi bir gaz olmas\u0131 durumunda hasar ve can kay\u0131plar\u0131 ya\u015fanaca\u011f\u0131ndan durum daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Normal bir s\u00fcrg\u00fcl\u00fc vana her t\u00fcrl\u00fc end\u00fcstriyel operasyon kontrol\u00fcn\u00fcn anahtar\u0131d\u0131r. Operasyon kontrol\u00fc ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu\u011funda, t\u00fcm sistemin bak\u0131m i\u00e7in kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir, bu da b\u00fcy\u00fck do\u011frudan veya dolayl\u0131 kay\u0131plara neden olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
S\u00fcrg\u00fcl\u00fc vanan\u0131n tasar\u0131m\u0131, kurulumu ve hata ay\u0131klama i\u015flemleriyle ilgilenerek orta bo\u015fluktaki anormal bas\u0131nc\u0131 tamamen ortadan kald\u0131rmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Referans olarak yayg\u0131n olarak benimsenen \u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc burada bulabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Orta bo\u015fluktaki bas\u0131nc\u0131 dengelemek i\u00e7in vanan\u0131n i\u00e7ine yerle\u015ftirilen bas\u0131n\u00e7 tahliye deli\u011fi en ekonomik ve etkili \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmd\u00fcr. Resim 2'de g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi gibi, bas\u0131n\u00e7 tahliye deli\u011fi s\u0131ras\u0131yla yukar\u0131 ak\u0131\u015f kamas\u0131n\u0131n ve giri\u015f valfi yuvas\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Orta bo\u015fluktaki artan bas\u0131n\u00e7 otomatik olarak yukar\u0131 ak\u0131\u015fa b\u0131rak\u0131lacak, her iki tarafta da her zaman dengeli bir bas\u0131n\u00e7 tutulacak ve b\u00f6ylece anormal bas\u0131n\u00e7 ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Halihaz\u0131rda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrg\u00fcl\u00fc vana i\u00e7in, resim 3'te g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi gibi, \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f tahliyesi olarak harici bir bypass ile monte edin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Orta bo\u015flu\u011fu yukar\u0131 ak\u0131\u015fa ba\u011flamak i\u00e7in bir bypass blok vanas\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Yaln\u0131zca ana kap\u0131 kapal\u0131yken kapat\u0131labilir (bo\u015fluk a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u0131s\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131n). Ana s\u00fcrg\u00fcl\u00fc vanay\u0131 a\u00e7madan \u00f6nce bo\u015fluktaki bas\u0131nc\u0131 azaltmak i\u00e7in ilk \u00f6nce bypass blok vanas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00d6zel tahliye vanas\u0131, resim 4'te g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi gibi bo\u015flu\u011fun d\u0131\u015f\u0131na tak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tahliye vanas\u0131n\u0131n tahliye bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131, ana s\u00fcrg\u00fcl\u00fc vanan\u0131n nominal \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bas\u0131nc\u0131yla ayn\u0131 olacak \u015fekilde ayarlay\u0131n. Bo\u015fluk a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bas\u0131nca maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, otomatik olarak ayarlanan bas\u0131nca bo\u015falt\u0131l\u0131r, b\u00f6ylece ana s\u00fcrg\u00fcl\u00fc vanan\u0131n g\u00fcvenli bir \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tahliye vanas\u0131n\u0131n ayar\u0131n\u0131 ve bak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u00f6n\u00fcne blok vana tak\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Tahliye vanas\u0131n\u0131n nominal bas\u0131nc\u0131 genellikle 1,33PN'ye ayarlan\u0131r (PN, sistem vanas\u0131n\u0131n nominal gerilimidir).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ayr\u0131ca hata ay\u0131klama konusunda \u00f6zellikle elektrikli vanalarda kapatma stroku ve tork kontrol\u00fcne dikkat edilmelidir. Kaman\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in kapatma torkunu en aza indirin. Sap\u0131n termal genle\u015fmesini hesaba katmak i\u00e7in, s\u0131k\u0131\u015fma kazas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131k s\u00fcrg\u00fcl\u00fc vanas\u0131n\u0131n hata ay\u0131klamas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda kama yerle\u015ftirildikten sonra g\u00f6vdeyi geri \u00e7ekin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Anormal a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bas\u0131nca verilen \u00f6nem, ekipman\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ve sistemin g\u00fcvenli\u011fini tehdit eden, \u00e7ift yatakl\u0131 s\u00fcrg\u00fcl\u00fc vanan\u0131n gizli bir katilidir. Bu nedenle \u00f6zellikle y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131k, y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 ve b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 s\u00fcrg\u00fcl\u00fc vanalar\u0131n tasar\u0131m\u0131 ve montaj\u0131 anormal a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bas\u0131nc\u0131 \u00f6nleyebilecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n